Pollen from rye grass, a significant cause of hay fever and respiratory allergies during its pollen season.

Fish commonly consumed and used in various culinary dishes. Cod allergies can provoke digestive symptoms and anaphylaxis.

RBPJ (Recombination Signal Binding Protein For Immunoglobulin Kappa J Region): RBPJ is a key transcription factor in the Notch signalling pathway, which plays a critical role in regulating cell fate, differentiation, and development. Proper function of RBPJ is essential for tissue development and cell specialisation, while dysregulation of RBPJ and Notch signalling is associated with various diseases, including cancers and developmental disorders.

SDK1 (Sidekick Cell Adhesion Molecule 1): SDK1 is a protein that plays a crucial role in cell adhesion and synaptic organisation. It is important for the formation of neural circuits, particularly in the visual system, and contributes to proper neural connectivity and communication.

RALGDS (Ral Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Stimulator): RALGDS is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that regulates the activation of Ral GTPases. It plays a key role in signal transduction pathways, influencing cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Changes in RALGDS activity have been associated with cancer development and progression.

LRFN5 (Leucine Rich Repeat and Fibronectin Type III Domain Containing 5): LRFN5 is a member of the LRFN family of proteins. It is involved in neuronal development and synaptic function, playing a role in the formation and maintenance of neural circuits. Dysfunctions in LRFN5 may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders.

NRSN1 (Neurensin 1): NRSN1 is a neuronal protein that may have a role in synaptic function and plasticity. Although its exact function in the brain is not fully understood, it is thought to be involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and neuronal signalling, with potential implications for learning and memory.

TRIB1 (Tribbles Pseudokinase 1): TRIB1 is a gene that encodes a pseudokinase protein belonging to the Tribbles family. TRIB1 plays key roles in regulating multiple cellular signalling pathways, including those involved in growth, metabolism, and inflammation. It has been linked to lipid metabolism, cardiovascular health, and cancer, with its complex functions continuing to be an active area of research.

ADRA1A (Adrenoceptor Alpha 1A): ADRA1A is a gene that encodes a subtype of alpha-1-adrenergic receptors, which are involved in the body’s responses to adrenaline and noradrenaline. These receptors play a key role in smooth muscle contraction and cardiovascular function, including blood pressure regulation and vascular tone. Changes in ADRA1A activity may influence cardiovascular health and autonomic nervous system function.

MITF (Melanocyte Inducing Transcription Factor): MITF is a key regulator that highlights its role in the development and function of melanocytes, the cells responsible for pigment production. It is essential for normal pigmentation, and mutations in MITF can result in pigmentary disorders and increase the risk of melanoma, a form of skin cancer. MITF also plays a role in the development of certain retinal cells and is associated with Waardenburg syndrome.

TNR (Tenascin R): TNR is a gene that encodes an extracellular matrix protein mainly found in the central nervous system. It is involved in neural development, including synaptic plasticity and neuronal differentiation. TNR plays a role in forming neural networks and may influence neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative processes.

TMEM171 (Transmembrane Protein 171): TMEM171 is a gene that encodes a transmembrane protein. While its specific functions are not yet fully understood, transmembrane proteins typically play important roles in cell signalling, transport of molecules across membranes, and cellular communication. Further research is required to clarify the precise roles of TMEM171 in cellular processes.

Grass pollen that is a significant cause of seasonal allergies, especially in late spring and early summer.

CPXM1 (Carboxypeptidase X, M14 Family Member 1): CPXM1 is a protein belonging to the metallocarboxypeptidase family and is involved in extracellular matrix remodelling. It plays a role in cell adhesion, migration, and key physiological processes such as wound healing and inflammation. Dysregulation of CPXM1 may be associated with tissue remodelling disorders and certain types of cancer.

HPV (Human Papillomavirus): HPV is a group of over 200 viruses, with some types being sexually transmitted and linked to health issues like genital warts and cancers, particularly cervical cancer. The high-risk types, especially HPV-16 and HPV-18, are strongly associated with cancers of the cervix, throat, anus, and penis. While most HPV infections are asymptomatic and resolve on their own, persistent infections can lead to cancer. Vaccination is available to protect against the most dangerous strains, and regular screening is important for early detection and prevention.

LURAP1 (Leucine Rich Adaptor Protein 1): LURAP1 is a gene that encodes a leucine-rich protein believed to be involved in signal transduction pathways. Although its precise functions are not yet fully understood, LURAP1 may play a role in regulating cellular processes such as cell migration and cytoskeletal organisation.

SCNN1G (Sodium Channel Epithelial 1 Subunit Gamma): SCNN1G is a gene that encodes the gamma subunit of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), which regulates sodium balance and fluid homeostasis in epithelial tissues such as the lung, kidney, and colon. This subunit is important for controlling the channel’s activity and response to regulatory signals, including hormones like aldosterone. Mutations or dysregulation of SCNN1G can affect fluid and electrolyte balance and contribute to related disorders.

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is a metabolite produced from the breakdown of catecholamines such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. It is used as a clinical marker to evaluate catecholamine activity, with levels typically measured in urine. Various factors, including certain foods and medications, can affect VMA levels.

APP (Amyloid Precursor Protein): APP is a measure that reflects the role of a key transmembrane protein involved in various cellular processes, particularly within the central nervous system. APP is essential for neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and cell signalling. Its processing generates amyloid-beta peptides, which are associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease. Proper regulation of APP processing and amyloid-beta production is vital for maintaining neuronal health and cognitive function, while dysregulation can contribute to Alzheimer's pathology.

NMRK1 (Nicotinamide Riboside Kinase 1): NMRK1 is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the NAD+ biosynthesis pathway by catalysing the conversion of nicotinamide riboside to nicotinamide mononucleotide. NAD+ is essential for energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular signalling. Through its role in NAD+ production, NMRK1 is important for maintaining cellular energy balance and genomic stability, with implications for ageing, metabolic disorders, and conditions linked to NAD+ depletion.

Ric3 (Resistance To Inhibitors Of Cholinesterase 3 Homolog): Ric3 is a protein involved in the maturation and trafficking of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are essential for neuronal signalling. Ric3 plays a key role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system, and alterations in its function can have implications for neurological diseases.

JAK2 (Janus Kinase 2): JAK2 is a gene that encodes a kinase enzyme belonging to the Janus kinase (JAK) family. JAK2 plays a key role in cytokine signalling pathways and is essential for the activation of immune and blood-forming (haematopoietic) cells. Mutations in JAK2 are linked to blood disorders, including polycythaemia vera and other myeloproliferative neoplasms.

OVOL1 (Ovo Like Transcriptional Repressor 1): OVOL1 is a gene that encodes a transcriptional repressor involved in regulating gene expression during development and tissue differentiation. It plays a role in epithelial cell differentiation and the formation of tissue barriers.

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in inhibiting neuronal activity in the brain. It helps regulate mood, anxiety, and sleep, promoting relaxation and calmness. By balancing the effects of excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate, proper GABA function is essential for mental and emotional well-being.

TRPM6 (Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily M Member 6): TRPM6 is a channel that plays a crucial role in magnesium (Mg) absorption and homeostasis. It is essential for maintaining proper magnesium balance in the body, and mutations in TRPM6 can lead to hypomagnesaemia with secondary hypocalcaemia, a condition characterised by low magnesium and calcium (Ca) levels in the blood.

Mycoplasma, particularly Mycoplasma hominis (MH), is a type of bacteria that can be transmitted through sexual contact, although it is not strictly classified as a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It is one of several Mycoplasma species that affect humans and can inhabit the genital and respiratory tracts. While often asymptomatic, it can cause health problems, especially in the genitourinary system.

PWWP3B (PWWP Domain Containing 3B): PWWP3B is a gene that encodes a protein involved in chromatin organisation and gene regulation. Its PWWP domain suggests a role in epigenetic regulation. Dysfunction in PWWP3B may be linked to developmental disorders and cancers due to its impact on gene expression.

OLFM4 (Olfactomedin 4): OLFM4 is a gene that encodes a secreted protein expressed in various tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract. While its functions are not fully understood, OLFM4 is linked to the regulation of stem cell proliferation and differentiation in the gut, suggesting a potential role in tissue regeneration and maintenance.

TRMO (tRNA Methyltransferase 10 Homolog A): TRMO (tRNA Methyltransferase 10 Homolog A) is a gene involved in tRNA modification. It encodes an enzyme that methylates specific nucleotides in tRNA molecules. These tRNA modifications are crucial for ensuring accurate protein synthesis during translation.

RABGAP1L (RAB GTPase Activating Protein 1-Like): RABGAP1L is a gene that encodes a protein involved in intracellular membrane trafficking by regulating RAB GTPases. It plays a key role in vesicle transport and overall cellular logistics. Dysregulation of RABGAP1L may disrupt cellular transport mechanisms and has been studied in relation to neurological disorders, where proper membrane trafficking is essential for neuronal function.

TRAPPC9 (Trafficking Protein Particle Complex Subunit 9): TRAPPC9 is a gene that encodes a subunit of the trafficking protein particle (TRAPP) complex. This complex plays a key role in vesicle trafficking within cells, supporting the transport of proteins and lipids between cellular compartments. TRAPPC9 is essential for maintaining proper cellular function and organisation.

Lamb intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest lamb meat, resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a lamb allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can cause severe symptoms, lamb intolerance usually leads to digestive problems that arise after eating lamb.

Tyrophagus putrescentiae, also known as the mould mite, is a species commonly found in stored foods and household dust. These mites thrive in environments with high humidity and can trigger allergic reactions when their waste or body parts become airborne and inhaled, leading to a range of allergy-related symptoms in sensitive individuals.

Gardnerella, specifically Gardnerella vaginalis, is a type of bacteria commonly found in the vaginal microbiome. While it is a normal part of the vaginal flora, an imbalance can lead to overgrowth, resulting in bacterial vaginosis (BV), a common vaginal infection. It is not classified as a traditional sexually transmitted infection (STI), but its presence and growth can be influenced by sexual activity.

NNT (Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase): Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase (NNT) is an enzyme situated in the inner mitochondrial membrane that plays a vital role in regenerating NADPH from NADH. This process is crucial for maintaining the cellular redox balance and shielding cells from oxidative stress. Deficiencies in NNT can impair mitochondrial function and heighten susceptibility to oxidative damage, contributing to metabolic disorders and chronic diseases.

Common pigweed is a widespread plant known for its highly allergenic pollen. Its pollen can trigger hay fever and other allergic reactions, particularly in late summer and autumn. Individuals sensitive to pigweed may experience symptoms during its peak pollination period.

Titanium (Ti) is a metal extensively used in medical implants, cosmetics, and paints, valued for its strength and resistance to corrosion. While elemental titanium is generally regarded as safe, inhalation of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) particles, particularly in powder form, can pose respiratory hazards. Individuals working in industries that handle titanium materials or using certain cosmetic products may be exposed. Adhering to safety protocols and using protective equipment can help reduce the risk of inhaling titanium particles.

TRIM33 (Tripartite Motif Containing 33): TRIM33 is a protein that acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, involved in transcriptional regulation and DNA repair. It plays key roles in chromatin remodelling, stem cell differentiation, and the suppression of tumour development.

Apple allergy is an allergic reaction to proteins found in apples, often associated with Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS). It typically affects individuals allergic to birch pollen, as similar proteins in apples can cause cross-reactivity. Symptoms range from mild oral irritation to more noticeable reactions, although severe cases are rare.

Pollen from cypress trees, prevalent in the spring and fall. Known to cause hay fever and asthma symptoms.

Stone fruit that can cause allergies ranging from oral allergy syndrome to severe reactions like anaphylaxis.

KCTD1 (Potassium Channel Tetramerization Domain Containing 1): KCTD1 is a protein that interacts with potassium channels, influencing their activity. It plays important roles in cellular functions such as signal transduction and ion transport. Mutations in KCTD1 have been associated with developmental disorders, particularly those affecting the skin and hair.

APEH (Acylaminoacyl-Peptide Hydrolase): APEH is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in protein turnover by breaking down acetylated peptides. It is involved in the processing of damaged or misfolded proteins, helping to preserve protein homeostasis. Malfunctions in APEH can affect neurodegenerative processes and the body's response to oxidative stress.

Alaska pollock intolerance is a condition in which individuals have difficulty digesting Alaska pollock, a type of fish, resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike an allergy to Alaska pollock, which triggers an immune system reaction and can cause more severe symptoms, intolerance typically leads to digestive issues after consumption.

Beef intolerance is a condition in which the digestive system reacts negatively to the consumption of beef. Unlike a beef allergy, which causes an immune response and can be more severe, beef intolerance is associated with difficulties in digesting or processing certain components of beef.

Urinary nitrates are chemical compounds usually absent or present only in small quantities in urine. Their presence can indicate a bacterial infection, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI), as certain bacteria can convert urinary nitrite into nitrate. Nitrate testing is a common diagnostic method for detecting UTIs.

Cucumber intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest cucumber, often causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a cucumber allergy, which provokes an immune response and can lead to more severe reactions, cucumber intolerance generally results in digestive symptoms after eating.

Dill intolerance is a condition where individuals find it difficult to digest dill, an herb commonly used for its distinctive flavour in pickles, salads, and seafood dishes. It generally causes gastrointestinal discomfort and is different from a dill allergy, which triggers an immune response and can lead to more severe symptoms. Those with dill intolerance usually experience digestive problems after consuming dill or foods containing it.

Grass pollen allergies are an indicator of sensitivity to various grass species — including sweet vernal, orchard grass, common reed, and bent grass. These allergens can have a considerable impact on individuals susceptible to allergic reactions, affecting respiratory health, causing eye irritation, and reducing overall well-being. Understanding these allergies, recognising symptoms, and implementing effective management strategies can help alleviate discomfort and enhance quality of life during peak pollen seasons.

Halibut intolerance is a condition where individuals have difficulty digesting halibut, a flatfish commonly consumed as a seafood delicacy. It can cause gastrointestinal discomfort and is different from a halibut allergy, which triggers an immune system response and may lead to more severe symptoms. People with halibut intolerance usually experience digestive problems after eating halibut or dishes made with it.

Avocado intolerance is a condition where individuals find it difficult to digest avocado, often leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike avocado allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can cause more severe reactions, avocado intolerance is confined to digestive symptoms occurring after eating avocado.

ATP8B1 (ATPase Phospholipid Transporting 8B1) is a gene that encodes a phospholipid transporter located in the liver cell membrane. It helps maintain the lipid balance of cell membranes and bile. Mutations in ATP8B1 can cause progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC), a group of inherited liver disorders.

Shrimp allergy is a common shellfish allergy caused by an immune reaction to proteins found in shrimp. It is one of the most frequent food allergies in adults and can trigger symptoms ranging from mild to severe, including anaphylaxis. This allergy is usually lifelong and may be triggered by consuming shrimp or even inhaling steam during cooking.

Cabbage intolerance refers to difficulty digesting cabbage, often resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a cabbage allergy, which triggers an immune response, this intolerance is related to digestion and typically causes symptoms after consuming cabbage.

Aubergine intolerance, also referred to as eggplant intolerance in some areas, is a condition characterised by difficulty digesting aubergine. Unlike an aubergine allergy, which involves an immune system reaction and can cause more severe symptoms, intolerance mainly results in gastrointestinal discomfort. Individuals with aubergine intolerance usually experience digestive issues after eating aubergine.

Pinworms (Oxyuris), also known as threadworms, are common intestinal parasites, especially in children. These small, white worms cause itching around the anus, disturbed sleep, and irritability due to their egg-laying at night. Infection spreads via the faecal-oral route, often through ingesting microscopic eggs from contaminated hands, surfaces, or food.

New World hookworms (Necator americanus) are a type of parasitic worm commonly found in the Americas. These parasites attach to the intestinal walls of their hosts, causing chronic blood loss, anaemia, and protein deficiency. The larvae can penetrate the skin from contaminated soil, putting individuals who come into contact with such environments at risk of infection.

King crab, a highly prized delicacy in seafood cuisine, is cherished for its rich flavour and tender texture. However, some people may experience intolerance to king crab, which can restrict their ability to enjoy this seafood.

NLGN1 is a measure that reflects the presence and function of a key protein in the nervous system — Neuroligin 1, encoded by the NLGN1 gene. It plays a vital role in the formation and modulation of synapses, supporting synaptic specialisation, strength, and plasticity. NLGN1 is critical for learning, memory, and overall brain function, and has been a focus in research on autism spectrum disorders and other neurodevelopmental conditions.

Urine density, also known as urine specific gravity, is a measurement of the concentration of solutes in the urine. It indicates the kidney’s ability to concentrate or dilute urine and acts as a marker of hydration status and kidney function. Although normal values may vary, abnormalities can suggest dehydration, overhydration, or underlying kidney conditions.

NKX2-3 (NK2 Homeobox 3): NKX2-3 is a gene that encodes a transcription factor essential for gastrointestinal development and homeostasis. It helps regulate genes involved in intestinal epithelial cell differentiation and mucosal immunity. Dysregulation of NKX2-3 has been associated with inflammatory bowel diseases.

Herring intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest herring, often resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a herring allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause severe reactions, herring intolerance is usually confined to digestive symptoms following the consumption of this type of fish.

Chamomile tea intolerance is a condition that causes difficulty in digesting chamomile tea, an herbal infusion made from dried chamomile flowers. Unlike a chamomile tea allergy, which triggers an immune response and can lead to more severe reactions, intolerance primarily results in digestive discomfort. People with chamomile tea intolerance usually experience gastrointestinal symptoms after drinking chamomile tea.

Acarus siro, commonly referred to as the flour mite, is a species frequently found in stored grains and flour. These mites can prosper in kitchen cupboards and pantries, especially in damp conditions. For sensitive individuals, exposure may provoke allergic reactions and can be particularly troublesome for those with existing respiratory ailments.

Honey intolerance is a condition where individuals struggle to digest honey, a natural sweetener made by bees. It can cause digestive discomfort and is different from a honey allergy, which involves an immune response and may lead to more serious symptoms. Those with honey intolerance usually experience digestive problems after eating honey or products that contain it.

Ureaplasma is a group of tiny bacteria commonly found in the urogenital tracts of both men and women. They are part of the normal genital flora but can cause infection under certain conditions. Ureaplasma species, particularly Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum, are linked to conditions such as urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and infertility. Although they can be sexually transmitted, they are not always strictly classified as STIs.

Rye intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest rye, causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike rye allergy, which provokes an immune system response and can lead to more severe symptoms, rye intolerance generally results in digestive problems after consuming rye or products made from rye.

AHSG (Alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein), also known as fetuin-A, is a glycoprotein involved in various physiological processes, including the inhibition of mineralisation and regulation of insulin sensitivity. Elevated AHSG levels have been linked to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for these conditions.

HIV-2 is a less common type of human immunodeficiency virus. Like HIV-1, it affects immune cells and can lead to immune suppression over time, but it is generally associated with slower disease progression. HIV-2 remains clinically significant and requires accurate diagnostic confirmation and medical monitoring.

HIV-1 is the most common type of human immunodeficiency virus. It primarily targets immune cells (especially CD4 T-cells) and, if left untreated, can gradually weaken the immune system over time. HIV-1 is the main cause of the global HIV epidemic and is the type most people refer to when they say “HIV”.

RAB38 is a member of the Ras-related protein family and serves as a key regulator of intracellular membrane trafficking, particularly within the endosomal-lysosomal system. Primarily located in the cytoplasm, RAB38 coordinates the movement and fusion of membrane-bound vesicles, ensuring correct sorting and delivery of cargo molecules. This protein plays a specialised role in melanosome biogenesis, supporting the maturation and transport of melanosomes — organelles responsible for melanin synthesis and distribution in melanocytes. Through its interactions with effector proteins and membrane fusion machinery, RAB38 facilitates these vital cellular processes.

PAX1 (Paired Box 1): PAX1 is a key regulatory gene involved in the development of the spine and thoracic cage. It plays a crucial role in skeletal formation, and mutations in PAX1 can lead to congenital spinal and skeletal malformations.

p-Cresol sulfate is a metabolite produced by intestinal bacteria through the breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine. It is primarily detoxified in the liver and excreted by the kidneys. Higher levels may indicate increased bacterial protein fermentation, impaired detoxification, or reduced renal clearance. Balanced levels suggest efficient gut microbial metabolism and normal liver–kidney function.

MTRR (Methionine Synthase Reductase): MTRR is an enzyme that plays a vital role in regenerating methylcobalamin, supporting the continuous activity of MTR in homocysteine metabolism. It is essential for maintaining proper methionine levels and normal DNA synthesis. Mutations in MTRR are associated with homocystinuria, which may contribute to developmental and neurological complications. Understanding MTRR function offers insights into potential therapies for genetic disorders.

ZKSCAN5 (Zinc Finger with KRAB and SCAN Domains 5): ZKSCAN5 encodes a zinc finger protein containing KRAB (Krüppel-associated box) and SCAN (SRE-ZBP, CTfin51, AW-1, and Number 18 cDNA) domains. These domains play important roles in transcriptional regulation and DNA binding. The specific functions of ZKSCAN5 are still under investigation.

Sarcosine is an amino acid that supports mental health and metabolism. It contributes to the synthesis of other amino acids, aids muscle growth, and supports cognitive function. Naturally found in egg yolks, turkey, and legumes, sarcosine is associated with brain health and is being investigated for its potential in mental health research.

CASQ2 (Calsequestrin 2): CASQ2 is a protein involved in calcium storage within the sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle cells. It plays a key role in regulating calcium balance and cardiac muscle contraction. Mutations in CASQ2 are linked to catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, a condition characterised by irregular heartbeats triggered by physical activity or stress.

LBP (Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein): LBP is a protein that plays a key role in the immune response to bacterial infections. It binds to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and helps activate the innate immune system. LBP is an important component of the body’s defence against bacterial pathogens.

Tarragon is a fragrant herb known for its distinctive aniseed flavour and is commonly used to enhance the flavour of various dishes. While generally safe, some individuals may experience tarragon intolerance, which can affect their ability to consume it without discomfort.

REX1BD (REX1 Basic Domain): REX1BD is a gene region characterised by a basic domain that may contribute to DNA binding or protein–protein interactions. While its exact functions and roles in cellular processes are not yet fully understood, ongoing research aims to clarify its significance in biological systems.

PFKP (Phosphofructokinase, Platelet): PFKP is a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway that regulates the rate of glucose metabolism. It catalyses the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Proper regulation of PFKP is essential for cellular energy production, and its dysregulation has been studied in cancer, where altered glucose metabolism is commonly observed.

SCAMP5 (Secretory Carrier Membrane Protein 5): SCAMP5 is a member of the SCAMP family, involved in membrane trafficking processes. It plays a crucial role in regulating membrane recycling and exocytosis, particularly in neurons. SCAMP5 is essential for neurotransmitter release and neuronal communication, and its function may have implications in neurological disorders.

ADH1B (Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1B): ADH1B is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in the initial stage of alcohol metabolism, converting ethanol into acetaldehyde. Genetic variations in ADH1B can affect the rate of alcohol metabolism, influencing alcohol tolerance and the risk of alcohol-related illnesses.

NUDT9 (Nudix Hydrolase 9): NUDT9 is a gene that encodes a member of the Nudix hydrolase family. Proteins in this family are involved in the hydrolysis of nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. While the specific substrates and functions of NUDT9 are still being studied, it plays a role in nucleotide metabolism and cellular homeostasis.

LIN7C (Lin-7 Homolog C, Crumbs Cell Polarity Complex Component): LIN7C is a protein that represents the role of the LIN7 family in establishing and maintaining cell polarity. It is crucial for proper cell function and tissue organisation, particularly in neural and epithelial cells. Mutations or dysregulation of LIN7C can disrupt cell polarity and signalling, potentially contributing to developmental abnormalities or disease.

Fruit allergies, such as those to kiwi, mango, and banana, are increasingly recognised and reflect the body’s immune response to specific proteins in these fruits. These allergies can cause a range of symptoms, from mild discomfort to severe reactions, and identifying and managing them effectively is essential for maintaining health and well-being.

Acinetobacter spp. are a group of Gram-negative bacteria commonly found in soil, water, and sometimes in the human gut. Although not typically dominant in a healthy microbiome, certain strains may colonise the intestines, especially following antibiotic use or in hospital environments. Some species, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, are known for their resistance to antibiotics and their role in infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. In stool analysis, the presence of Acinetobacter may reflect environmental exposure, microbial imbalance, or antibiotic-related shifts in gut flora.

KCNMB3 (Potassium Calcium-Activated Channel Subfamily M Regulatory Beta Subunit 3): KCNMB3 is part of a family of calcium-activated potassium channels that help regulate neuronal excitability and vascular tone. This gene is important for blood pressure regulation and cardiovascular function, and variations in KCNMB3 may be linked to hypertension and heart disease.

Tuna and salmon are popular fish choices worldwide, renowned for their flavour and nutritional benefits. However, some individuals may experience allergic reactions to these fish — a condition that can range from mild discomfort to severe, life-threatening responses. Understanding the symptoms, triggers, and management strategies for tuna and salmon allergies is important for those affected.

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus), commonly referred to as the European house dust mite, is a prevalent indoor allergen. These microscopic creatures thrive in warm, humid conditions and feed on organic material such as shed human skin flakes. Their body fragments and waste products can trigger allergic reactions and asthma in susceptible individuals.

Catnip (Nepeta cataria) is a herbaceous plant from the mint family, best known for its stimulating effects on cats. While it is not typically consumed by humans, some individuals may experience catnip intolerance — a sensitivity to its compounds that can cause digestive discomfort. This is different from a catnip allergy, which involves an immune reaction and may trigger more severe symptoms.

5-Hydroxyindoleacetate (5-HIAA) is a measurement that reflects the breakdown of serotonin, a key neurotransmitter in the body. It is primarily used as a clinical marker, especially for detecting and monitoring carcinoid tumours that may overproduce serotonin. Urinary 5-HIAA levels can also serve as an approximate indicator of the body’s overall serotonin levels.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses through several stages — primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary — and can affect various organ systems over time. Syphilis is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, including oral, anal, and vaginal sex, and can also be passed from mother to child during pregnancy, resulting in congenital syphilis.

Bilirubin is a yellow compound that results from the breakdown of red blood cells in the body. It is transported to the liver, where it is processed and excreted into the bile. Healthy liver function ensures bilirubin is efficiently filtered from the blood and converted into a form that can be eliminated via the digestive system. Blood bilirubin levels are an important indicator of liver health, bile duct function, and red blood cell turnover.

Shellfish allergies are a type of food allergy that affect both adults and children. This allergy often involves a variety of shellfish, including blue mussel, oyster, clam, and scallop. Because allergic reactions can be severe, understanding how to recognise and manage a shellfish allergy is essential for those affected.

The Testosterone/Cortisol ratio reflects the balance between anabolic (building) and catabolic (breaking down) processes in the body. Testosterone supports muscle growth, energy, and recovery, while cortisol is a stress hormone that can promote tissue breakdown when chronically elevated. A healthy ratio may indicate good resilience, recovery capacity, and hormonal balance, whereas a low ratio may suggest high stress levels, overtraining, or hormonal imbalance. This marker is particularly relevant for athletes, individuals under chronic stress, or those experiencing fatigue-related symptoms. It helps provide context to both testosterone and cortisol values when interpreted together.

Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) refer to a group of three essential amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These amino acids play key roles in muscle protein synthesis, energy production, and recovery, especially during physical activity. Measuring total BCAA levels in the blood provides insight into protein metabolism, nutritional status, and muscle health. Imbalances can be linked to poor dietary intake, metabolic dysfunction, or increased demand due to stress, illness, or intense training. BCAA levels are particularly relevant for athletes, individuals with fatigue, or those recovering from illness or muscle loss.

Blood group B has B antigens on red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in the plasma. People with this blood type can donate blood to those with blood group B or AB. They can receive blood from donors with blood group B or O. Blood group B is less common in some regions. Compatibility is essential for safe transfusions.

Barley is a widely used grain found in a variety of foods and drinks — from bread and cereals to beer. For some people, barley can trigger an allergic reaction due to its protein content. Recognising the symptoms and properly managing a barley allergy is important for those affected.

Citrate is a compound that plays a key role in the citric acid cycle, essential for energy production in aerobic organisms. It helps break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce ATP (energy). Citrate also supports the regulation of the body’s acid-base balance and contributes to kidney stone prevention by binding with calcium.